Distemper
[DR. H.B.F.
Jervis]
Of all
diseases to which dogs are subject, distemper is perhaps the most frequent, it
is also the most difficult to define. It has been compared to typhoid, or to
typhus fever in man,
though the
comparison hardly seems to be a good one. The disease seems to be contagious.
We say "seems to be," because back of all contagious diseases, in man
or beast, is an element
which no
one can explain. Of a dozen men or dogs, exposed to a contagious disease, a
certain number may contract the disease, while the remainder, though equally
exposed, will escape. Distemper is to be mechanically classed as a contagious
disease.
It is far
more apt to attack young dogs and those known as "pure-bred," than
old dogs and the dog rabble, but at any rate, if a dog shows signs of the
disease it is best to isolate him from
other dogs,
if any be kept about the place.
Picture
drawn by Blaine:
1. a short dry cough,
2. lessening of the appetite, of the flesh, of
the strength, and spirits; the coat also begins to stare, the eyes to wink in a
full light, as though painfully affected by it; they also, if observed in
the morning. exhibit the remains of a little
hardened mucus, which may be seen adhering to the inner corner of each, while a
general cloudiness of the eye steals over its surface; the nose
also is bedewed with a watery discharge,
greater or less as the membraneous linings of the orbits and nasal cavities are
more or less inflamed, in which state it may sometimes remain for
2 - 3 weeks without much alteration;
3. eventually increases, and changes from a
limpid, watery fluid to a muco-purulent discharge (something like the discharge
from an abscess) which flows down the face from the inner corner of each eye,
and as the disease becomes more intense, it frequently closes up the lids
during the night, and blinds the dog until his efforts have opened them. The
nasal discharge,
which is at first thin and watery, becomes
muco- purulent, and later one of direct pus, by which his nose is more or less
closed up each morning by the viscid exudations like the poor dogs eyes.
4. the intensity of the inflammation extends,
the cough also, which was at first a slight huskiness (or perhaps hardly
existed at all, for in some cases but little cough attends the early stages)
increases to a distressing harsh sounding
one, and frequent attempts to force something
up the throat by an effort that appears compounded of coughing and vomiting.
To these
appearances are usually added wasting, weakness, listlessness and lessening of
the appetite also.
Remembering
that dogs cannot relate their symptoms or feelings, I would be inclined to
regard the foregoing picture as being nearer to "Grippe" than to
either typhoid or typhus.
Hurndall:
"I regard distemper as a catarrhal fever, affecting more or less severely,
the mucous membranes of the various canals of the body, the nervous system
being not infrequently implicated“.
Lord:
"A contagious disease of which all dogs appear to carry the seeds in their
system, accompanied with fever and derangement of most of the internal organs,
and frequently ending in chorea, paralysis or inflammation of the lungs“.
If the seeds of the disease are in the system,
it can hardly be termed a contagious disease.
Moore:
"The symptoms present considerable variations, which depend upon the
rapidity of the disease, the character of the prevailing epidemic and the local
complications“.
Mills:
after stating that the symptoms are very numerous and varied, concludes
that" it will not be feasible to enumerate all the combinations that
occur, as these are simply endless“.
From the
foregoing, the reader will see that distemper, the worst of dog diseases, is a
rather meaningless term, and that the only way to intelligently treat the
disease is to individualise the cases, i.e.; do not think of the name of the
disease, but look for the symptoms in the dog.
Acon.: At
the outset, if the dog is feverish, or chilly and feverish by turns, and
restless,as this great polychrest arrests more diseases in their incipiency
than any other remedy.
Gels.:
should the dog appear dull, feverish and stupid, "drunken looking".
Acon.: restlessness prominent in its
pathogenesis,
Gels.: characterised by a dull,
sluggish besotted condition.
Aconite and Gelsemium, are only of
use in the beginning of the disease. If they do not check it, resort must be
had to others, as indicated.
Bry.: will
be called for by symptoms of bronchitis, which is known by short, hurried
breathing, as though the act were painful, together with rattling of mucus.
Phos.:
Mucus becomes "rusty" instead of being blood-streaked. This is a
dangerous stage. When a clear fluid runs from the nose and eyes, either or
both, and that symptom is very prominent, maybe + fever and other symptoms,
Nat-m.
Diarrhoea and exhaustion.
Ars.: when
the vital powers seem to sink, offensive and acrid effusion from inflamed eyes
and nose, with great restlessness and constant whining.
Merc.:
mouth more or less ulcerated, breath particularly offensive, with bloody
diarrhoea.
Bell.:
especially when the throat is inflamed and the eyes involved, also when the
brain seems to be involved and there are fits.
Many
dogowners may know that their dog has distemper, and yet not be able to, or
have time to, differentiate between the various remedies.
1.
Ars.
for a few days,
2.
Nux-v.
follow
Much stress
is laid, by allopathic writers, upon feeding in this disease, and they state
that every means should be employed to induce the dog to eat so as to sustain
his strength. This can be
a mistake.
Give the dog free across to plenty of fresh, clean water, but do not force him
to eat. He is like a sick man, it may be, to whom the very thought of food is
disgusting.
Cure the
disease by the indicated remedy, and nature will soon supply the appetite when
the disease is conquered.
ISOPATHIC
TREATMENT.
Another branch,
so to speak, of homoeopathy, was the so-called Isopathy, or isopathic
medication, which dates back to 400 B.C., as taught by Xenocrates. This means
the employment of the morbid products of a disease for the cure of the same
disease (Aequalia Aequalibus). It was introduced into homoeopathy by Dr. Lux in
1823, and in part adopted by Dr. Hering. Lux taught that the toxins formed in
the body, properly attenuated, are capable of curing the very diseases that
give rise to them that is, every disease is supposed to have within itself its
own antidote.
In 1830
Hering proposed as a remedy for hydrophobia the saliva of a rabid dog, properly
attenuated; the very teaching and practice of Pasteur. He also proposed
Phthisine as a remedy for tuberculosis, and forty years later it, too, received
popular and scientific endorsement by Koch and others. As early as 1834, Dr.
Stapf, one of the greatest of the early Homoeopathists, who looked upon the
subject dispassionately, says: "I do not doubt that the discovery of the
curative action of the morbid matters, in diseases that produce them, to be one
of the most important discoveries that has been made since the beginning of our
school“.
The
foregoing led me to apply this method in both the treatment and prevention of
distemper in the dog, and the results will be found in my little booklet
published recently.
The
Treatment of Distemper with Potentised Virus, and will be only briefly alluded
to in this paper. In order for a veterinarian or layman to treat this disease
by this method, it is imperative that he at least gain in insight into the
principles of homoeopathy, and its wonderful philosophy, to get the best
results. He must acquaint himself with such things as "potencies"
instead of doses; he must learn not to push the remedy too far, giving it ample
time to do its work, otherwise he will meet with many dismal failures, and so
forth.
In regard
to using it prophylactically, if directions are followed to the letter, and
always providing that the product is kept undefiled by storing away from crude
drugs and not being exposed
to strong
odors, such as coal-tar antiseptics and so forth, any ordinary layman can
immunize his own without any trouble at all.
The general
procedure is as follows:
At weaning,
the puppies receive for a week one dose daily of the 30th potency, and nothing
more for a month.
At the
expiration of a mouth, the puppies receive for a week a daily dose of the 200th
potency, and nothing more for a month.
At the
expiration of the month, each puppy receives 3 doses, one at two hourly
intervals, of the 1.000th potency.
After this,
at monthly intervals, each puppy receives an increased potency, 3 doses at two
hourly intervals until he has received one of the C MM strength. This completes
the course, and though it may be looked upon as irksome to some, still it is
better than shooting them with serum of some kind and losing them all. I am
convinced that where this procedure is carried out,
it is
possible to raise puppies to maturity without their developing this dread
disease. Furthermore, even after this, when one knows that they are going to be
exposed to a, so to speak, concentrated exposure, such as an indoor show or the
like, there is nothing to hinder one, a few days prior to this, from giving
three doses in quick succession of a potency of this product,
and in that
way pad their immunity a little more.
Another
line that is interesting me just now is to give pregnant bitches, irrespective
of whether they may have had the disease, or been immunized against it, a
course of potencies during
their
pregnancy, to try and start the immunization of the puppies in utero. This is a
peculiar field for homoeopathy. By means of the deeply acting anti-psoric
remedies, the lowest strata of perverted life where it first established itself
in impurities in the finest fibres and cellular structures, can be restored.
Medicines chosen wisely and given to the expectant bitch, can benefit
the coming
puppies. Frequently, with the indicated remedy, anatomical and structural
deficiencies as cleft palate, hare-lip, eczema, etc., can be prevented in
families where such have appeared, because the taint that gave rise to them in
former pregnancies has been neutralised by the timely administration of the
homoeopathic antipsoric remedies.
Often asked
by veterinarians who are absolutely sceptical in regard to homoeopathy,
"What on earth has your product to do with the actual virus of canine
distemper, or don’t you believe in the existence of such an entity?" Of
course I believe and know that there is such an entity, but in just what
relation it really stands in connection with the disease itself I am frank to
admit
that I do
not really know, and furthermore, I don’t think anybody else does.
We all
agree that it is less the presence of the organism than the suitability of the
tissues for its growth that determines the disease. But is this pre-disposition
itself the disease be it a condition to be defined electrically, chemically, or
whatever and do the organisms result from it, or does the disease require the
organisms plus the pre-disposition? Some have occasionally suggested the former
view. Whatever the future may disclose we must admit that organisms, and
viruses are associated with disease, have recognisable characteristics and can
convey disease. At least the evidence available at present points
overwhelmingly to these conclusions, and that those who deny them have
generally only sight acquaintance with this evidence. We must therefore assume
that so-called germs of disease are at least in close relation to disease, and
although Medorrhinum, Psorinum, and Distemperinum caninum can be held to owe
their efficacy, not to the organisms present in the material from which they
were originally made, but to some un-named and un-defined substance of disease.
[Kappes of
Dresden/translated by Mrs. M.L. Wheeler]
Distemper
is an acute infectious disease of young carnivorous animals:
(1) Respiratory organs,
(2) Digestive organs,
(3) the Nervous System,
(4) Skin of the abdomen, either each part alone
or all of them together. It develops, when artificially produced, in 3 - 4
days; under natural conditions in 3 - 4 weeks.
The severe
form of the disease manifests itself in a sudden refusal of food, sadness,
whimpering, and general lassitude; also there is a high temperature. After 3 -
4 days the temperature falls below normal and death occurs.
The acute
form sets in in a similar manner, only the fever lasts 2 - 4 weeks; a very high
temperature, or it falls to rise again and then comes down gradually. At the
onset the animals are restless, tired, easily afraid, they lose their appetite
and obey reluctantly.
The catarrh
of the air-passages is indicated by a short dry cough which later becomes
prolonged and moist, frequently producing cramp-like attacks and vomiting.
Breathing
becomes more difficult and rapid, and rattling is heard in the chest cavity.
The eye
symptoms develop simultaneously with the attack on the respiratory organs. They
commence with an inflammation of the conjunctivae very red and painful, with
swelling of the eyelids, the conjunctivae . There is excessive lachrymation and
a mucous secretion which becomes purulent. Sometimes the lens becomes torpid.
The
affection of the digestive organs is first noticeable by the absence of any
desire for food together with intense thirst, with frequent vomiting of mucus
discoloured with bile. The mouth is dry and hot, the tongue dirty and the
stomach region sensitive. The excreta are loose, streaked with blood and are
offensive.
Even in
mild cases nervous symptoms very often noticeable and from such a prominent
feature that they dominate the disease picture. Sometimes paralysis of local
parts occurs, frequently cramp-like spasms of the whole body.
In 50% of
the cases the skin of the abdomen and the inside of the legs are covered with a
peculiar pustular eruption.
Treatment
must follow closely the disease picture. The patient must be put into a clean
protected place and fed on strong meat soups, etc. In great lassitude and
weakness give Cocc.
Camph. Led.
Fever
requires no special treatment except in the case of over 41° C. In which case
Nux-v. should be given.
The catarrh
of the Respiratory tract is best treated with Phos., Acon., Bell., Kreos.
The
intestinal symptoms are treated with Ars. # Puls.
The
inflammation of the eyes yields frequently to Cann-s.
The nerve
symptoms can be treated with Op. and Ars.
The skin
eruption, which usually disappears when recovery sets in, can often be treated
successfully with Merc-c.
Lay people should use the medium potencies.
Naturally
these are only some abbreviated notes for the early stages of the disease. The
choice of remedies in prolonged treatment and serious cases is best left in the
hands of a veterinary surgeon, as distemper is as a rule a serious affection.
I would like
to say that to prevent distemper in young animals the only thing is good
feeding. Do not spare meat, milk, and if necessary cod liver oil. In all cases
do not think that bread and thin soup will make a strong animal. Experience
teaches otherwise.
Arzneimittelprüfung Distemperinum (2005) mit eine Prüferin:
Das Mittel ist eine Nosode aus der Hundestaupe und wird zur Behandlung von M.S. eingesetzt. Hat den Ruf hat, die beschädigten Myelinscheiden wieder intakt zu bringen.
Nach der Signaturenlehre wäre das eine mögliche Verschreibung. Ich hörte, dass auch Homöopathen dieses Mittel (weil ja potenziert) aufgrund der Diagnose MS anwenden und prüfte deshalb im Herbst 2005 das Mittel an mir selbst.
Zahnschmerz Oberkiefer ziehend.
Übel & Schwindel - habe Gefühl, ich müsste bald erbrechen; Unterarme „Wie lahm“
Schwindel - Augen fühlen sich aufgeschwollen an.
Zähne jetzt vorne ziehend.
Kopfschmerz frontal
Koordination schwierig; muss mich konzentrieren; (lösche Licht vor Öffnen der Türe)
Kopf „Wie verwirrt“; Sitz in Stirn bei Haaransatz - Augenkoordination schwierig.
Kopfschmerz über r. Auge stechend; beim Kopfschütteln Mühe, die Augen folgen zu lassen
Kopfschmerz r Stirn; Ohren stechen; „Wie eine Scheibe“; Konzentration sehr schwierig.
Hände zittern beim Halten eines Buches; > Kopfschmerz, aber Verwirrung noch da
Hinsetzend fällt Blutdruck zusammen & Druck im r. Auge außen
Ziehend/stechender Schmerz in r. Ohr - vergeht jeweils nach 15 Minuten wieder
während Besprechung z.T. Gedanken abdriftend und Ziehen in Ohr/Stirn
Ziehen in der Wirbelsäule - kann kaum aufrecht stehen, „Wie verkrampft und müde“
Hautausschlag an Nasenwurzel krustig, wie eiterig
kribbeln Hände
„Wie eine Scheibe vor dem Kopf“
Stich (leicht) r. Schläfe
Druck Nasenwurzel
Verwirrt, „Wie in Alkoholrausch“; muss mich stark konzentrieren auf einfache Dinge
Schmerz Kopf l. und Oberkiefer
Augenkoordination stimmt nicht - habe das Gefühl zu schielen
Hinterkopfdruck ziehend
Wirbelsäule zieht beim Kopf senken.
Stich in r. Stirn erstr. „Wie eine Nadel zum Hinterkopf“ - verschwindet in Stirn und dann auch im Hinterkopf
Pulsieren l. Stirn über Auge einige Stiche, dann Übelkeitsgefühl
runder eitriger Hautausschlag an Nasenwurzel - praktisch kein Schmerz
Rücken verspannt; weiß fast nicht wie zu Sitzen
Hautausschlag an Nasenwurzel krustig, „Wie eiterig“ immer noch da; gestern abend etwas
abgeschuppt.
keine Lust zur Arbeit - träume vor mich hin
brauche viel falsche Worte z.B. Pinguin für Delphin; anläuten anstatt ansprechen
Repertorisierend schwierig mich zu konzentrieren
Hautausschlag noch da; sehr gelb; ohne Schmerzen
L. Stirn über Auge Stiche „Wie von Messer“ – erstr. l. Hinterkopf horizontal durch
Rücken verspannt; weiß fast nicht wie zu Sitzen - heute extremer, da körperlich
gearbeitet
kann schlecht schlafen; immer wieder wach, aber sehr müde
r. Bizeps juckende Papel wie Mückenstich
Stiche im Kopf (Schläfen) kurz, aber störend; Konzentration schlecht; sehr müde
Gebrauche falsche Ausdrücke, die ähnlich tönen; vertippe mich auch auf der PC-Tastatur
(Verwirrung)
Rückenverspannung ca. 30 Min sitzend
Papel an r. Bizeps wird gelb und juckt immer noch
Rückenverspannung ca. 5 Min sitzend
Kopfschmerz l. Stirn 10 Min
Papel an r. Bizeps juckt extrem
Rückenverspannung ca. 15 Min
Aufstehend Rückenverspannung r. ca. Th3 und Nackenverspannung
Hautausschlag an Nasenwurzel heilt ab; Erosion geht von außen her zu und wird kleiner
Papel an r. Bizeps dunkelgelb; juckt nur, wenn er gereizt wird
kurze Rückenverspannung
Rötung um Papel weg; Jucken weniger.
Hautjucken am Rücken dorsal lateral und auf Schulterpartie
gebrauche immer noch falsche Worte z.B. Regenbogen anstatt Regenschirm; merke es aber sofort - ärgert mich; seit Tagen.
Stich in r. Stirn wie wenn an Os frontale von innen angeschlagen würde - einen Moment
Lang
Seit 2 Tagen Schmerz in r. Knöchel bei Rotation nach innen (stehend)
r. Handfläche Mitte starkes Ziehen pulsierend
Taubheitsgefühl in beiden Händen ca. 30 Min.
Schmerz in r. Knöchel bei Rotation nach innen
Anfangs Joggen starker Schmerz Knöchel rechts medial; wird nach 15 Min >
Schmerz l. Stirn & Übelkeit ca. 15 Sekunden
Knöchelschmerz bei Innenrotation immer wieder (< morgens)
körperliche Arbeit - geht sehr gut; keine Symptome, außer Knöchelschmerz z.T.,
aber wenig
Papel an Bizeps praktisch nicht mehr sichtbar
immer wieder kurze Anflüge von Verwirrung, aber wirklich sehr kurz
Rückenspannung r. neben WS nach Radfahren
Rückenspannung r. neben WS immer noch da
Rücken aufstehend Schmerz stechend links neben WS ca. 30 Minuten lang
Rückenverspannung ca. 30 Min
beim Rennen Schmerz r. Knöchel medial
Rückenverspannung sitzend; r. Dorsalregion unten; ca. Th11
Weiß nicht wie zu Sitzen auch stehen geht nicht
Rückenverspannung (sehr stark; habe auch körperlich gearbeitet)
Exostose l. Fuß auf Mittelfußknochen des Großzehens, 1cm hinter Großzehengrundgelenk
Rückenverspannung Dorsalregion rechts nach 20km-Lauf - sitzend.
L. Fuß wird leicht gefühllos
L. Fuß Gefühl unangenehm weg; in Schuhen wird es durch die (leichte) Exostose unangenehm
Gefühllosigkeit im Fuß immer noch da
Rückenschmerz bei längerer Autofahrt Sakral > Bewegen.
Augen sehr gerötet, nach knapp 6 Std Schlaf < r. mit leichtem Sandgefühl
L. Nasenloch seit 3 Tagen trocken, aber immer mit störenden Borken; können schlecht
entfernt werden ohne zu Bluten
Nasenwurzel „Wie wenn der Eiterfleck wieder kommen würde“
Augen immer noch rot und Sandgefühl
Gefühllosigkeit im Fuß nicht mehr da
Augen immer noch rot
Schulter l. M. Deltoideus ziehender Schmerz - ca. 1 Std
Seit 3 Tagen öfters kurzes Jucken auf rechtem Handrücken - ohne Ausschlag
Kopfschmerz linke Stirn 10 Min
Augen noch rot - etwas Sandgefühl
Neuralgie Scheitel rechts beim Berühren der Haare - merke es auch nach Berührung noch.
Neuralgie noch da - wird immer stärker - leicht ausgedehnt; „Als ob r. Auge zu schwillt“
Neuralgie noch da, aber nicht mehr stärker; Kein Schmerz im Motorradhelm
Augen immer noch rot
Rückenverspannung r. zwischen Scapula und Wirbelsäule (leicht)
seit mehreren Tagen immer wieder Jucken rechter Handrücken > Kratzen
R. Leiste, Hoden, Appendix schmerzhaft
nur noch Appendix schmerzhaft
Stechen hinter l. Auge oben medial, stark
Stechen Auge immer noch da, nicht mehr so stark
Rennend Schmerz r. Knöchel medial anfangs, dann >
ganzer Tag jucken an den Fingern der r. Hand ohne Ausschlag; < ein Buch halten
Pickel an der r. Gesäßbacke - stört und schmerzt bis zum Schlafengehen
Rückenverspannung ständig ganzer Rücken Dorsalregion bds.
Stirn l. Stich innen kurz, aber sehr stark
Rückenverspannung < l. Dorsalregion sitzend
R. Auge pulsierender Schmerz liegend r., ca. 1 Min
R. Innenknöchel Schmerz rennend
Roter Punkt Bizeps immer noch sichtbar
R. Auge pulsierende Stiche lesend, ca. 1 Min.
R. Rücken sitzend verspannt; weiß nicht wie zu Sitzen; Schmerz auch liegend
nachts Stiche r. Scrotum kurz
R. Ferse Innenseite Schmerz „Als ob ein Riss in der Haut wäre“, aber nichts sichtbar
seit einigen Tagen unter großer Zehen hinter Ballen Hornhaut und sehr trocken
L. Auge kurze Stiche
R. Ferse innen Schmerz wie gestern Abend; jetzt kleiner Riss in Hornhaut sichtbar.
Nach Erkältung immer Nasenschleim im Rachen/Choanen hinten, den ich kaum
herausbringe (über Tage)
Seit 3.10. nachts Schmerz l. Schultergelenk im Bauchlage; > darauf liegen
Sitzend im Kino Rückenverspannung dorsal trotz guten Polstern - bis 22h
Rückenverspannung
rechts ca. Th 9 - Th 12
Neuralgie Schädel l. hinten ca. Handrückengross; < berühren der Haare
Reine Rohkosternährung begonnen; hatte Lust dazu
Rückenverspannung r. wie gehabt; kann fast nicht mehr sitzen (abends)
Zusammenfassung der Symptome.
Symptom
1 Hautausschlag an Nasenwurzel
2 Verwirrung - schwierige Konzentration - wie Scheibe
3 Rückenverspannung abends ab 21h
4 Kopfschmerz Stirn Stechend von innen
5 R. Bizeps Papel juckend
6 R. Knöchel medial Schmerz
7 Sexverlangen erhöht
8 Lust zur Ernährungsumstellung
Bei der Prüfung ist die Verwirrung das Auffälligste und extremste Symptom gewesen. Ich hatte zum Teil enorme Mühe, meine Anamnesen durchzuführen.
Da die Prüfung nur von einer einzelnen Person durchgeführt wurde, ist die Symptomatik des Mittels natürlich nur unvollständig wiedergegeben. Zu sagen ist noch, dass der Prüfer sehr gut in körperlichen Bereich prüft.
An psychischen Symptomen sind auch in den bisherigen Prüfungen nur Reizbarkeit, Euphorie usw, nicht aber Traurigkeit, Depression usw. aufgetreten.
Krankheit: Befallt
Tiere (Hund) schwach/Katarrh/Husten;
Canine
distemper is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease
that affects the respiratory system/gastrointestinal tract/CNS system.
Distemper
is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV).
Macrophages
(cells that ingest foreign disease-carrying organisms, like viruses and
bacteria) carry the inhaled virus to nearby lymph nodes where it begins
replicating (reproducing). It spreads rapidly through the lymphatic tissue and
infects the lymphoid organs in 2 - 5 days. By days 6 - 9, the virus spreads to
the blood (viremia). It then spreads to the surface epithelium (lining) of the
respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital systems and CNS, where it begins
doing the damage that causes the symptoms.
Early
symptoms incl. fever/loss of appetite/mild eye inflammation may only last a day
or two. Symptoms become more serious/noticeable tremors and seizures as the
disease progresses.
It can make
other diseases complicated and make jerky kinds of movements in the muscles.
People have a somewhat edgy temper when provoked.
The initial
symptom is fever (103°F to 106°F), which usually peaks 3 - 6 days after
infection. The fever often goes unnoticed and may peak again a few days later.
Dogs may experience eye and nose discharge, depression, and loss of appetite
(anorexia). After the fever, symptoms vary considerably, depending on the
strain of the virus and the dog's immunity.
Many dogs
experience gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, such as:
* Conjunctivitis (discharge from the eye)
* Diarrhea
* Fever (usually present but unnoticed)
* Pneumonia (cough, labored breathing)
* Rhinitis (runny nose)
* Vomiting
Vergleich: Siehe: Nosoden + Canes
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum