Ritalin
(Methyl-p.) =
Methylphenidat/= Amphetamine/= “Vitamin R”/= “cheap Coke”/= Cocain-ähnlich/Attenta/Methylin/Metadate/Equasym/Rubifen/Motiron/Stimdate/Concerta/Biphentiaan/Daytrana/=
MPH
Vor mit dem Gebrauch begonnen wird, ist ein Versuch mit Methylphenidat in Potenzen die Mühe wert.
Eine Frau, die ihr Studium nicht zu Ende bringen kann, sagte Folgendes:
Ich konnte vor lauter Dingen, die ich erledigen musste, keine Arbeit vor mein Studium leisten. Nun ist meinen Kopf nicht mehr voll von diesen Dingen und ich kann an wichtige Sachen arbeiten.
(Sie hat ihr Studium erfolgreich beendet!)
Methylphenidat = Cocaine-ähnlich in Effekt + Amphetamin in chemische Struktur/?schützt für Eindrücke wie Polys vor materielle Eindrücke?/= Coff-ähnlich?;
Vergiftung: Aus
der Amphetaminintoxikation mit Tremor, Nervosität, Übelkeit, Erbrechen,
tachykarde Herzrhythmusstörungen, Hypertonie; Euphorie, Erregung,
Halluzinationen, Dyskinesien, Krampfanfall, Mydriasis;
Use: Methylphenidat-Hydrochlorid = used/adverse
effects may emerge during chronic use of methylphenidat/there is very little
research of the long-term effects of stimulants.
Common side
effects of methylphenidate: nervousness and insomnia.
Other
adverse reactions include: Abdominal pain/Alopecia/Angina/Appetite loss/blood
pressure and pulse changes (both up and down)/Cardiac arrhythmia/Diaphoresis
(sweating)/Dizziness/Drowsiness/Dyskinesia/Headaches/Hypersensitivity/skin
rash/urticaria/fever/arthralgia/exfoliative dermatitis/erythema
multiform/necrotizing vasculitis/thrombocytopenic
purpura/Nausea/Palpitations/Pupil dilation/Short-term weight loss/stunted
growth/Tachycardia/Xerostomia (dry mouth)].
All diese Beschwerden kommen vor in Glutenunverträglichkeit.!!!!!
Known or
suspected risks to health.
Researchers
have also looked into the role of methylphenidate in affecting stature
(growth). In a 2005 study, only "minimal effects on growth in height and
weight were observed" after 2 years of treatment. "No clinically
significant effects on vital signs or laboratory test parameters were
observed."
A 2003
study tested the effects of dextromethylphenidate (Focalin),
levomethylphenidate, and (racemic) dextro-, levomethylphenidate (Ritalin) on
mice to search for any carcinogenic effects. The researchers found that all
three preparations were non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic; d-MPH, d, l-MPH, and
l-MPH did not cause mutations or chromosomal aberrations. They concluded that
none of the compounds present a carcinogenic risk to humans. Current scientific
evidence supports that long-term methylphenidate treatment does not increase
the risk of developing cancer in humans.
It was
documented in 2000, by Zito et al. “that at least 1,5% of children between the
ages of two and four are medicated with stimulants, anti-depressants and
anti-psychotic drugs, despite the paucity of controlled scientific trials
confirming safety and long-term effects with preschool children.”
On March 22, 2006 the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee decided that
medications using methylphenidate ingredients do not need black box warnings
about their risks, noting that "for normal children, these drugs do not
appear to pose an obvious cardiovascular risk." Previously, 19 possible cases
had been reported of Cardiac arrest linked to children taking methylphenidate
and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee to the FDA recommend
a "black-box" warning in 2006 for stimulant drugs used to treat
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Doses
prescribed of stimulants above the recommended dose level is associated with
higher levels of psychosis, substance misuse and psychiatric admissions.
Overdose
manifests in agitation/hallucinations/psychosis/lethargy/seizures/tachycardia/dysrhythmias/hypertension/hyperthermia.
Pharmacology
Methylphenidate
is a chain substituted amphetamine derivative, although its chemical structure
is more closely related to cocaine. Similar to amphetamines and cocaine, a key
target of methylphenidate is the dopamine transporter (DAT). Although
methylphenidate is an amphetamine derivative subtle differences exist in its
pharmacology; amphetamine works as a dopamine transport substrate where as
methylphenidate works as a dopamine transport blocker. Methylphenidate is most
active at modulating levels of dopamine and to a lesser extent noradrenaline.
Methylphenidate
has affinity for the norepinephrine transporter. Displayed receptor affinity
for the serotonergic subtypes, though direct binding to the serotonin
transporter was not observed.
The
relative psychoactive effects and CNS stimulation is analogous to what is found
in amphetamine.
Pharmacodynamics
Methylphenidat
exerts its therapeutic effects by blocking the reuptake of dopamine into nerve
terminals (as well as stimulating the release of dopamine from dopamine nerve
terminals) resulting in increased dopamine levels in the synapse. The onset of
central nervous system effects occurs rapidly after intake of methylphenidate and
persist for about 4 hours. The mechanism of action and chemical structure of
methylphenidate is extremely similar to cocaine with usual doses of both drugs
occupying 50% of dopamine transporters. Cocaine effects such as euphoria are
rare at doses prescribed clinically.
The means
by which methylphenidate affects people diagnosed with ADHD are not well
understood. Some researchers have theorized that ADHD is caused by a dopamine
imbalance in the brains of those affected. Methylphenidate is a norepinephrine
and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which means that it increases the level of the
dopamine neurotransmitter in the brain by partially blocking the dopamine
transporter (DAT) that removes dopamine from the synapses. This inhibition of
DAT blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic
neuron, increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. It also stimulates
the release of dopamine and norepinephrine into the synapse. Finally, it
increases the magnitude of dopamine release after a stimulus, increasing the
salience of stimulus. An alternate explanation that has been explored is that
the methylphenidate affects the action of serotonin in the brain. However,
benefits with other stimulants that have a different mechanism of action indicates
that support for a deficit in specific neurotransmitters is unsupported and
unproven by the evidence and remains a speculative hypothesis.
It is
commonly asked why a stimulant should be used to treat hyperactivity, which
seems paradoxical. However, MRIs of ADHD brains previously drugged with
stimulants show decreased activity in the brain centers critical to
concentration and impulse control.
One study
finds that methylphenidate reduces the increases in brain glucose metabolism
during performance of a cognitive task by about 50%. This suggests that,
similar to increasing dopamine and norepinephrine in the striatum and
prefrontal cortex, methylphenidate may focus activation of certain regions and
make the brain more efficient. This is consistent with the observation that
stimulant drugs can enhance attention and performance in some individuals. If
brain resources are not optimally distributed (for example, in individuals with
ADHD or sleep deprivation), improved performance could be achieved by reducing task-induced
regional activation. Stimulant delivery when brain resources are already
optimally distributed may then adversely affect performance.
Legal warning printed on Ritalin carton: (AU)
Methylphenidate
is a drug of abuse. Methylphenidate like other stimulants increases dopamine
levels but at therapeutic doses the increase is slow and thus euphoria does not
typically occur except in rare instances. The abuse potential is increased when
methylphenidate is crushed and snorted or when it is injected producing effects
almost identical to cocaine. Cocaine-like effects can also occur with very
large doses taken orally. The dose, however, that produces euphoric effects
varies between individuals. Methylphenidate is more potent than cocaine in its
effect on dopamine transporters. Methylphenidate should not be viewed as a weak
stimulant as has previously been hypothesised.
The primary
source of methylphenidate for abuse is diversion from legitimate prescriptions
rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use it to stay awake do so by taking
it orally, while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for
inducing euphoria. Users tend to be adults whose use may cause panlobular
pulmonary emphysema. Methylphenidate has a high potential for drug dependence
and addictive abuse due to its similar pharmacologically to cocaine and
amphetamines.
Abuse of
prescription stimulants is higher amongst college students than non-college
attending young adults. College students use methylphenidate either as a study
aid or to stay awake longer. Increased alcohol consumption due to stimulant
misuse has additional negative effects on health. Methylphenidate's
pharmacological effect on the central nervous system is almost identical to
that of cocaine. Studies have shown that the two drugs are nearly
indistinguishable when administered intravenously to cocaine addicts.
However,
cocaine has a slightly higher affinity for the dopamine receptor in comparison
to methylphenidate, which is thought to be the mechanism of the euphoria associated
with the relatively short-lived cocaine high. Reports of users experimenting
with mixing methylphenidate with caffeine and benzocaine to produce a powder
for insufflation (snorting) for an even more cocaine-like effect began to
appear in the middle 1970s; this is apparently an incrementation upon a mixture
known as Toot containing phenylpropanolamine, caffeine, and benzocaine in the
search for legal highs. As moderate doses of cocaine have caffeine-like effects
and benzocaine produces a slight stimulant effect of its own perhaps 5% the
strength of cocaine with a ceiling in that range, the mixture is reported to
have at least some of the sought-after effects.
Patients
who have been prescribed Ritalin have been known to sell their tablets to
others who wish to take the drug recreationally. In the
Methylphenidate
is sometimes used by students to enhance their mental abilities, improving
their concentration and helping them to study. Professor John Harris, an expert
in bioethics has said that it would be unethical to stop healthy people taking
the drug. He also argues that it would be "not rational" and against
human enhancement to not use the drug to improve people's cognitive abilities.
Professor Anjan Chatterjee however has warned that there is a high potential
for abuse and may cause serious adverse effects on the heart, meaning that only
people with an illness should take the drug. In the British Medical Journal he
wrote that it was premature to endorse the use of Ritalin in this way as the
effects of the drug on healthy people have not been studied. Professor Barbara
Sahakian has argued that the use of Ritalin in this way may give students an
unfair advantage in examinations and that as a result universities may have to
consider making students give urine samples to be tested for the drug.
Wirkung: Hebt
Dopamin- + Ephedrinspiegel löst hastiges Entscheiden + Wahne
(Insekten/Schlangen/Würmer) aus, Blutdruck + Puls steigen an, Hirn kann sich
nicht weiter entwickeln;
Nebenwirkungen: Auch
bei angemessener Dosierung: Wachstumsverzögerung/reduzierter Gewichtszunahme
möglich/Meistens normalisiert sich der Wachstumsverlauf der Kinder
später/Rückgang des Appetits und der Flüssigkeitsaufnahme ist häufig.
Gewöhnlich verliert sich diese Nebenwirkung innerhalb einiger Monate. Beginn
der Behandlung häufig Bauchschmerz o. Erbrechen. Vermehrtes
Schwitzen/Dermatitis/Pruritus (Juckreiz)/angioneurotische Ödeme/Haarausfall
(Beschwerden in Glutenunverträglichkeit);
Gebrauch: Für die Behandlung von Narkolepsie/Schlaf-Wach-Störung mit Symptomen wie Tagschläfrigkeit, Kataplexie (Körperstarre), fraktioniertem Nachtschlaf ("unerholsamer Schlaf") eingesetzt.
Erhöht Blutdruck/beschleunigt Puls/entspannt Bronchialmuskulatur/steigert Aufmerksamkeit/Euphorie/erregt/wach/vermindertes Müdigkeitsgefühl, Appetitverlust, Stimmungsaufhellung, verstärkte motorische Aktivität und Rededrang, die Leistungsfähigkeit nimmt kurzzeitig zu, Geschicklichkeit und Feinmotorik können sich verschlechtern. Pupillen erweitert.
In mäßigen Dosen (20-50 mg) kommt es zur Stimulierung der Atmung, zu leichtem Zittern, Unruhe, weiterer Steigerung der motorischen Aktivität, Schlafstörungen und ausgeprägtere Erregungszuständen. Müdigkeit und Appetit werden stärker unterdrückt. Zum Teil können auch empathogene und halluzinogene Effekte auftreten.
Angst/reizbar/
Schlafstörungen
Appetitlos
Schweißausbrüche, Hitzewallung bis hin zum Fieber (Füße)
Krämpfe
Konzentrationsmangel
Herzrasen, Störung des Herzrhythmus
Krämpfen/Zittern bis hin zu Kreislaufkollaps und Atemlähmung.
Übererregbar/müde/traurig/ängstlich/weinerlich/Kopfschmerz/Schwindel/Gewichtsverlust/Mund trocken/Durchfall/Verstopfung.
Übel/Bauchschmerz+/o. Erbrechen.
Auslösung von Psychosen und psychische Störungen sowie von Tics
Libidostörungen und Impotenz
Wachstumsstörung
Kind: Wachstum gehemmt.
Nebenwirkungen: Schwindel/schläfrig/Antrieb steigernd/euphorisch
Nervös/depressiv/schlaflos/empfindsamer/„weinerlicher“/gereizt/aggressiv/„ganz anders“/„gar nicht mehr sie selbst“/„zu ernst“/"Wie eine Maschine"/weniger Spaß/kann nicht brav sein/Rückgang des Appetits und der Flüssigkeitsaufnahme/Tachykardie/Palpitationen/Arrhythmien und Veränderungen (meist Erhöhung) von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz.
Übelkeit o. unangenehmes Brennen in Speiseröhre.
Behandlungsbeginn häufig Bauchschmerz o./+ Erbrechen. vermehrtes Schwitzen, Dermatitis (entzündliche Reaktion der Haut), Pruritus (Juckreiz), angioneurotische Ödeme (Quincke-Ödem) (Kindern), Effluvium (Haarausfall)
Angina Pectoris/Schwindel/Schweißausbrüche/Fieber/Kopfschmerz/Psychosen/Störungen des Herzrhythmus/trockene Schleimhäute.
ZNS übererregt/Krämpfen/Delirium bis zum Koma/Bluthochdruck und Herzrhythmusstörungen.
Unverträglich: Substanzen mit hoher Proteinbindung (Sulfonamide/Sulfonylharnstoffe/Acetylsalicylsäure/Cumarine/Bilirubin/einige Antibiotika).
Vergleich: ADHS. Dopamin (Ritalin verhindert zu schnelle Aufnahme Dopamin + Norephidrin). Catha edulis (= Qat/= Ephe-/= Amphetamin- + schwach/= Coca-/= Coff-/= Ritalin-ähnlich). Valium (Ritalin = Enkel). Vernix (Schätzt Foetus in Gebärmutter). Olibanum comp [w = Aur-met. + Myrrh. + Olibanum/alkoholfreie Variante von Wala verfügbar (ein Ersatz vor Methylphenidat?)].
Siehe: Sedativa allgemein + Amphetamin + Drogen allgemein
Amphetamin ó Methylphenidate (derivativ von Amphetamin) ó Cocaine (chemical)
Unverträglich: Ängstlichkeit/Depressivität/Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen/Bluthochdruck/Schilddrüsenüberfunktion
Antidotiert von: Calc-hp. Cham. Cola. Cupr. Kali-p. Staph. Valer.
Allerlei. Quelle: remedia.at
Chlp ?
Impa-gl ?
Valer ?
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum